10g

Stem cell factor (also known as SCF, KIT-ligand, KL, or steel factor) is a cytokine that binds to the c-KIT receptor (CD117). SCF can exist both as a transmembrane protein and a soluble protein. It stimulates the proliferation of myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow cultures and has been shown to act synergistically with colony stimulating factors. SCF plays an important role in the hematopoiesis during embryonic development. SCF can regulates HSCs in the stem cell niche in the bone marrow. SCF has been shown to increase the survival of HSCs in vitro and contributes to the self-renewal and maintenance of HSCs in-vivo.

Stem cell factor (also known as SCF, KIT-ligand, KL, or steel factor) is a cytokine that binds to the c-KIT receptor (CD117). SCF can exist both as a transmembrane protein and a soluble protein. It stimulates the proliferation of myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow cultures and has been shown to act synergistically with colony stimulating factors. SCF plays an important role in the hematopoiesis during embryonic development. SCF can regulates HSCs in the stem cell niche in the bone marrow. SCF has been shown to increase the survival of HSCs in vitro and contributes to the self-renewal and maintenance of HSCs in-vivo.

Stromal-Cell Derived Factor-1 alpha/ CXCL12 (SDF-1α) and SDF-1β, members of the chemokine α subfamily that lack the ELR domain, were initially identified using the signal sequence trap cloning strategy from a mouse bone-marrow stromal cell line. These proteins were subsequently also cloned from a human stromal cell line as cytokines that supported the proliferation of a stromal cell-dependent pre-B-cell line. SDF-1α and SDF-1β cDNAs encode precursor proteins of 89 and 93 amino acid residues, respectively. Both SDF-1α and SDF-1β are encoded by a single gene and arise by alternative splicing. The two proteins are identical except for the four amino acid residues that are present in the carboxy-terminus of SDF-1β and absent from SDF-1α. SDF-1/PBSF is highly conserved between species, with only one amino acid substitution between the mature human and mouse proteins. SDF-1/PBSF acts via the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and has been shown to be a chemoattractant for T-lymphocytes, monocytes, pro- and pre- B cells, but not neutrophils. Mice lacking SDF-1 or CXCR4 have been found to have impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascular development, cardiogenesis and abnormal neuronal cell migration and patterning in the central nervous system.

Stromal-Cell Derived Factor-1 beta (SDF-1β), also known as SCYB12, PBSF and CXCL12, is an 8.3 kDa, heparin-binding member of the CXC (or alpha) family of chemokines and signal through the CXCR4 receptor. SDF-1α and β are reported to be monomers at neutral pH and physiologic ionic strength, On the cell surface, this may well facilitate SDF-1 interaction with its two receptors, CXCR4 and syndecan4. Heparin sulfate is known to protect SDF-1 from proteolysis, and CXCR4 exists constitutively as a dimer. Among its many functions, CXCL12 is known to influence lymphopoiesis, regulate patterning and cell number of neural progenitors, and promote angiogenesis (12, 13). It also enhances the survival of myeloid progenitor cells

Selenious Acid, Reagent

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a member of the Hedgehog (Hh) family of highly conserved proteins which are widely represented throughout the animal kingdom. In mammal, there are three related Hh proteins, Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh) and Indian (Ihh). They share a high degree of amino-acid sequence identity (e.g., Shh and Ihh are 93% identical). Sonic Hedgehog plays a role in cell growth, cell specialization, and the normal shaping (patterning) of the body. Shh is also important for development of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), eyes, limbs, and many other parts of the body.

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a member of the Hedgehog (Hh) family of highly conserved proteins which are widely represented throughout the animal kingdom. In mammal, there are three related Hh proteins, Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh) and Indian (Ihh). They share a high degree of amino-acid sequence identity (e.g., Shh and Ihh are 93% identical). Sonic Hedgehog plays a role in cell growth, cell specialization, and the normal shaping (patterning) of the body. Shh is also important for development of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), eyes, limbs, and many other parts of the body.

Members of the Hedgehog (Hh) family are highly conserved proteins which are widely represented throughout the animal kingdom. The three known mammalian Hh proteins, Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh) and Indian (Ihh) are structurally related and share a high degree of amino-acid sequence identity (e.g., Shh and Ihh are 93% identical). The biologically active form of Hh molecules is obtained by autocatalytic cleavage of their precursor proteins and corresponds to approximately the N-terminal one half of the precursor molecule. Although Hh proteins have unique expression patterns and distinct biological roles within their respective regions of secretion, they use the same signaling pathway and can substitute for each other in experimental systems.

Interleukin-6 Receptor (IL-6R) is a single trans-membrane protein that is the receptor for Interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6R forms a hexameric complex upon binding 2 molecules of IL-6 and two molecules of glycoprotein 130 (gp130) which activates intracellular JAK/STAT pathways. Although the normal form of IL-6R is the membrane-bound 80 kDa subunit, a soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) can be generated physiologically by limited proteolysis or alternative splicing. sIL-6R binds to both IL-6 and gp130 generating intracellular signaling. In the immune system, sIL-6R is produced by both naïve and memory CD4 T-cells and strongly augments IL-6 ligand’s induction of Th-17 cells.

Silver Lactate

Sodium Caprylate

Sodium Cyanoborohydride

Sodium Dichloroacetate

Sodium Hydroxide-d, 99+ Atom Percent D, 40 Percent (w/w) solution in D2O

Sodium Tetraphenylborate, [Precipitation reagent for K]

Sodium Tetraphenylborate, Reagent, ACS

Spectinomycin Dihydrochloride Pentahydrate

Stevioside

Sudan Red 7B

Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride, Hydrate

Tetrabutylammonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate

Transforming Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-α) , also known as sarcoma growth factor, TGF-type I and ETGF, is a member of the EGF family of cytokines. It is expressed in monocytes, brain cells, keratinocytes and various tumor cells. TGF-α signals through EGFR and acts synergistically with TGF-beta to promote the proliferation of a wide range of epidermal and epithelial cells. TGF-α is a transforming growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. The biological actions of TGF-α and EGF are similar. For instance, TGF-α and EGF bind to the same receptor. When TGF-α binds to EGFR it can initiate multiple cell proliferation events.

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is the prototype of a growing superfamily of peptide growth factors and plays a prominent role in a variety of cellular processes, including cell-cycle progression, cell differentiation, reproductive function, development, motility, adhesion, neuronal growth, bone morphogenesis, wound healing, and immune surveillance. TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 signal via the same heteromeric receptor complex, consisting of a ligand binding TGF-β receptor type II (TβR-II), and a TGF-β receptor type I (TβR-I). Signal transduction from the receptor to the nucleus is mediated via SMADs. TGF-β expression is found in cartilage, bone, teeth, muscle, heart, blood vessels, hematopoietic cells, lung, kidney, gut, liver, eye, ear, skin, and the nervous system.

Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-β2) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-beta family. It is known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development. The precursor is cleaved into mature TGF-beta-2 and LAP, which remains non-covalently linked to mature TGF-beta-2 rendering it inactive. It is an extracellular glycosylated protein. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. Defects in TGFB2 may be a cause of non-syndromic aortic disease (NSAD).

Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a member of TGF-beta superfamily that shares a characteristic cysteine knot structure. Mice with TGF-β2 gene deletion show defects in development of cardiac, lung, craniofacial, limb, spinal column, eye, inner ear and urogenital systems. All TGF-β isoforms signal via the same heteromeric receptor complex, consisting of a ligand binding TGF-β receptor type II (TβR-II), and a TGF-β receptor type I (TβR-I). Signal transduction from the receptor to the nucleus is mediated via SMADs. TGF-β expression is found in cartilage, bone, teeth, muscle, heart, blood vessels, hematopoietic cells, lung, kidney, gut, liver, eye, ear, skin, and the nervous system.

Transforming growth factor beta 3(TGFB3) is a member of a TGF -β superfamily which is defined by their structural and functional similarities. TGFB3 is secreted as a complex with LAP. This latent form of TGFB3 becomes active upon cleavage by plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin -1, and a subset of integrins. It binds with high affinity to TGF- β RII, a type II serine/threonine kinase receptor. TGFB3 is involved in cell differentiation, embryogenesis and development. It is believed to regulate molecules involved in cellular adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation during the process of palate development. Without TGF-β3, mammals develop a deformity known as a cleft palate.

TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-β1 superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure. TGF-β1, -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that act as cellular switches to regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Each TGF-β isoform has some non-redundant function; for TGF-β1, mice with targeted deletion show defects in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation and died of overwhelming inflammation. TGF-β1 signaling begins with high-affinity binding to a type II ser/thr kinase receptor termed TGF-β RII. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second ser/thr kinase receptor, TGF-β RI (also called activin receptor‑like kinase (ALK)-5), or alternatively, ALK-1. This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription.

TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-β1 superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure. TGF-β1, -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that act as cellular switches to regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Each TGF-β isoform has some non-redundant function; for TGF-β1, mice with targeted deletion show defects in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation and died of overwhelming inflammation. TGF-β1 signaling begins with high-affinity binding to a type II ser/thr kinase receptor termed TGF-β RII. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second ser/thr kinase receptor, TGF-β RI (also called activin receptor‑like kinase (ALK)-5), or alternatively, ALK-1. This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription.

Thionin Acetate

Tiron, Powder, Reagent

Titanium (III) Oxide, -100 Mesh

TNF Receptor Type I, is also known as TNF R-p55/p60 and TNFRSF1A. It is a type I transmembrane protein member of the TNF receptor superfamily. It is expressed in most cell types. Binding of either TNF-α or TNF-β to TNF-R1 initiates a signal transduction pathway that results in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, whose target genes are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses, and, in certain cells, induce apoptosis. TNF-R1 is essential for proper development of lymph node germinal centers and Peyer’s patches and for combating intracellular pathogens such as Listeria. It is stored in the Golgi and translocates to the cell surface following proinflammatory stimuli.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune disease. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseasesuch as Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) plays a major role in regulating growth, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells. In addition to inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, studies indicate TNF is involved in tumor igenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases including Crohn’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) is a homotrimer with a subunit molecular mass of 17.3 kDa. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha(TNF-a) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases; and in viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases including Crohn’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases including Crohn’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune disease. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune disease including Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune disease. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, TNF has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, viral replication, septic shock, fever, inflammation, and autoimmune disease including Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease. TNF alpha-1a is a potent lymphoid factor that exerts cytotoxic effects on a wide range of tumor cells and certain other target cells.

TNF is secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T-cells, NK-cells following their stimulation by bacterial LPS. Cells expressing CD4 secrete TNF-alpha while CD8 cells secrete little or no TNF-alpha. The synthesis of TNF-alpha is induced by many different stimuli including interferons, IL2, GM-CSF. TNF-β is a potent mediator of inflammatory and immune responses. It belongs to the TNF family of ligands, and signals through TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNF-β is produced by activated T and B lymphocytes, and has similar activities to TNF-α. It mediates a large variety of inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antiviral responses.

Toluene-d8, 99.6 Atom Percent D

Toluidine Blue O

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a glycoprotein hormone which belongs to the EPO/TPO family. It produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets. TPO stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that bud off large numbers of platelets. Lineage-specific cytokine affects the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes from their committed progenitor cells. It acts at a late stage of megakaryocyte development. It may be the major physiological regulator of circulating platelets.

Thrombopoietin (TPO), also known as C-mpl ligand, MGDF and Thpo, is a glycoprotein hormone belonging to the EPO/TPO family. It is expressed mainly in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle. TPO binds and signals through MLP/C_MPL receptor. It stimulates the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes from their committed progenitor cells, and it regulates the production and circulation of platelets. TPO has also been reported to promote the apoptosis of hypoxia-sensitized neurons and to inhibit neuronal differentiation.

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), also known as Tumor Necrosis Factor Super-Family 10 (TNFSF10) or apoptosis 2 ligand (Apo2L), is a pleiotropic cytokine thatbelongs to the TNF superfamily. Full length TRAIL expressed in vivo is a type II transmembrane protein, although the soluble form also exists and functions. TRAIL has four major receptors: two death receptors DR4 and DR5, and two decoy receptors DcR1 and DcR2. TRAIL binds to the death receptors which recruits the FAS-associated death domain and activates caspases 8 and 10 which eventually leads to apoptosis. Because of its antitumor potential, TRAIL is activelystudied as a therapeutic agent. On the other hand, abnormal expression of TRAIL in small arteries can induce the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, thereby increasing vascular remodeling and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

TRAIL/Apo2L, also known as Tumor Necrosis Factor Super-Family 10 (TNFSF10), is a pleiotropic cytokine thatbelongs to the TNF superfamily. The full length TRAIL expressed in vivo is a Type II transmembrane protein, although the soluble form also exists and functions. TRAIL has four major receptors: two death receptors DR4 and DR5, two decoy receptors DcR1 and DcR2. TRAIL binds to the death receptors, recruits the FAS-associated death domain, activates caspases 8 and 10, and eventually leads to apoptosis. Because of its antitumor potential, TRAIL is actively studied as a therapeutic agent. On the other hand, abnormal expression of TRAIL in small arteries can induce the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, resulting in increasing vascular remodeling and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Molecular Formula : C6 H13 N O . Cl H