5g

Human GRO-α, GRO-β (MIP-2α), and GRO-γ (MIP-2β) are products of three distinct, nonallelichuman genes. GRO-β and GRO-γ share 90% and 86% amino acid sequence homology, respectively, with GROα. All three isoforms of GRO are CXC chemokines that can signal through the CXCR1 or CXCR2 receptors.GRO expression is inducible by serum or PDGF and/or by a variety of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1 and TNF, in monocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes and epithelial cells. In certain tumor cell lines, GRO is expressed constitutively.Similar to other alpha chemokines, the three GRO proteins are potent neutrophil attractants and activators. In addition, these chemokines are also active toward basophils.

GRO-α/KC/CXCL1 coded by CXCL1 gene at chromosome 5 is approximately 63% identity to that of mouse MIP2. KC is also approximately 60% identical to the human GROs. Mouse KC is a potent neutrophil attractant and activator. The functional receptor for KC has been identified as CXCR2. Based on the pattern of KC expression in a number of inflammatory disease models, KC appears to have an important role in inflammation. KC was found to be involved in monocyte arrest on atherosclerotic endothelium and may also play a pathophysiological role in Alzheimer’s disease.

Guaiazulene

Guanine, Reagent

Guanosine

Molecular Formula : C12 H16 N2 O3

Halazone

Haloperidol

Haloperidol, USP

Proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), also known as DTR, DTS and HEGFL, is a member of the EGF family of mitogens. It is expressed in macrophages, monocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. HB-EGF signals through the EGF receptor to stimulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells and keratinocytes. Compared to EGF, HB-EGF binds to the EGF receptor with a higher affinity and has been shown to bemore mitogenic, likely due to its ability to bind to heparin and heparin sulfate proteoglycans. HB-EGF has also been reported to act as a diphtheria toxin receptor, mediating endocytosis of the bound toxin. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor has been shown to interact with NRD1, Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 and BAG1.

HBTU

Hematin

Hematoporphyrin

Hematoxylin

Hematoxylin, Hydrate

Heptadecafluoro-n-octyl Bromide

Heptadecafluorononanoic Acid

Hexacosane

Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Chloride

Hexaethylene Glycol

Hexaethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether

Hexafluoroacetylacetone

Hexamethylbenzene

Hexamethylditin

Hexaphenylbenzene

Hexaphenyldisilane

Histamine Dihydrochloride, Reagent

Histamine Diphosphate, Hydrate

Histamine, Reagent

Hydralazine Hydrochloride

Hydralazine Hydrochloride, USP

Molecular Formula : CH4N2O

Hydrindantin Hydrate

Hydrocodone Bitartrate (CII), USP

Hydrocortisone Acetate, Micronized, USP

Hydrocortisone, Micronized, USP

Hydromorphone Hydrochloride (CII), USP

Hydroxocobalamin

Hydroxocobalamin Acetate

Hydroxocobalamin, USP

Hydroxy Naphthol Blue, Solid Dilution (This regent is deposited on crystals of sodium chloride), Reagent, ACS

Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate

Hydroxymethylferrocene

Hydroxyurea

Hypoxanthine

Idebenone

Interferon-beta (IFN-β), acting via STAT1 and STAT2, is known to upregulate and downregulate a wide variety of genes, most of which are involved in the antiviral immune response. It is a member of Type I IFNs, which include IFN-α, -β, τ, and –ω. IFN-β plays an important role in inducing non-specific resistance against a broad range of viral infections. It also affects cell proliferation and modulates immune responses.

Interleukin-11 is a pleiotropic cytokine that was originally detected in the conditioned medium of an IL-1α-stimulated primate bone marrow stromal cell line (PU-34) as a mitogen for the IL-6-responsive mouse plasmacytoma cell line T11. IL-11 has multiple effects on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Many of the biological effects described for IL-11 overlap with those for IL-6. In vitro, IL-11 can synergize with IL-3, IL-4 and SCF to shorten the G0 period of early hematopoietic progenitors. IL-11 also enhances the IL-3-dependent megakaryocyte colony formation. IL-11 has been found to stimulate the T cell-dependent development of specific immunoglobulin-secreting B cells.

Interleukin 12 (IL-12), also known as natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) or cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor (CLMF), is a pleiotropic cytokine originally identified in the medium of activated human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. The p40 subunit of IL-12 has been shown to have extensive amino acid sequence homology to the extracellular domain of the human IL-6 receptor while the p35 subunit shows distant but significant sequence similarity to IL-6, G-CSF, and chicken MGF. These observations have led to the suggestion that IL-12 might have evolved from a cytokine/soluble receptor complex. Human and mouse IL-12 share 70% and 60% amino acid sequence homology in their p40 and p35 subunits, respectively. IL-12 apparently shows species specificity with human IL-12 reportedly showing minimal activity in the mouse system.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine regulates diverse T and B cell responses including cell proliferation, survival, and gene expression. It has important effects on the growth and differentiation of different immunologically competent cells. Interleukin-4 is produced by mast cells, T cells, and bone marrow stromal cells. IL-4 regulates the differentiation of native CD4+ T cells (Th0 cells) into helper Th2 cells, and regulates the immunoglobulin class switching to the IgG1 and IgE isotypes. IL-4 has numerous important biological functions including stimulating B-cells activation, T-cell proliferation and CD4+ T-cells differentiation to Th2 cells. It is a key regulator in hormone control and adaptive immunity. IL-4 also plays a major role in inflammation response and wound repair via activation of macrophage into M2 cells. IL-4 is stabilized by three disulphide bonds forming a compact globular protein structure. Four alpha-helix bundle with left-handed twist is dominated half of the protein structure with 2 overhand connections and fall into a 2-stranded anti-parallel beta sheet.