Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), also known as TNF, TNFA or TNFSF2,Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation.Induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via inhibition of insulin-induced IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin-induced glucose uptake. Induces GKAP42 protein degradation in adipocytes which is partially responsible for TNF-induced insulin resistance .Plays a role in angiogenesis by inducing VEGF production synergistically with IL1B and IL6 .Promotes osteoclastogenesis and therefore mediates bone resorption (By similarity).By SimilarityThe TNF intracellular domain (ICD) form induces IL12 production in dendritic cells.