Cell Line (CPBU)

Opioid receptor family includes three classic receptors, μ, δ, and κ, also known as OP1, OP2 and OP3, respectively. The receptors are G_i/o-coupled GPCRs which will reduce intracellular cAMP levels after activation. δ-opioid receptor modulates many kinase cascades including ERKs, Akts, JNKs, STAT3, P38 involving Src, Ras, Rac, Raf-1, Cdc42, RTKs. In addition, δ-opioid receptor has also been proposed to interact with μ receptors. The observed pharmacological cross-talk may partially arise from agonist cross-reactivity.

Opioid receptors and their endogenous peptide ligands play important roles in the reward and reinforcement of drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and alcohol. The κ-opioid receptor is a type of opioid receptor which binds the peptide opioid dynorphin as the primary endogenous ligand. κ-opioid receptors are widely distributed in the brain, spinal cord, and in pain neurons. They are associated with the risk for alcohol dependence.

Following the cloning of the classical opioid receptors (mu, delta and kappa), the opiate receptor like-1 (ORL1) was identified as a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) with 65% structure homology to the other members of the opioid family. OPRL1 is a receptor for the 17 aa neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ and may be involved in the regulation of numerous brain activities, particularly instinctive and emotional behaviors. Recently, new study results are consistent with the reported high density of ORL1 receptor mRNA in dorsal raphe nucleus and with inhibitory actions of nociceptin in cells expressing ORL1.

The µ-opioid receptor (oprm1) is the principal site of action in the brain by which morphine, other opiate drugs of abuse, and endogenous opioid peptides effect analgesia and alter mood. Opioid receptors belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The three types of opioid receptors (μ, δ, and κ) have been shown to associate with each other in a homotypic or heterotypic fashion when expressed in heterologous cells. A member of the seven-transmembrane domain (TM) G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, the µ-opioid receptor modulates ion channels and second messenger effectors in an opioid agonist-dependent fashion that is reversible by the classic opiate antagonist naloxone.

OX40L is the ligand for CD134 and is expressed on such cells as DC2s (a subtype of dendritic cells) enabling amplification of Th2 cell differentiation. OX40L has also been designated CD252 (cluster of differentiation 252). Various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the OX40L gene have been identified. For some of them association with systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported.

The orexin/hypocretin peptides orexin A and orexin B (also known as hcrt-1 and hcrt-2) are 33- and 28-amino acid peptides, respectively. They are preferentially expressed in hypothalamus. The orexins have a range of physiological functions including feeding control, energy metabolism, neuroendocrine function modulation, and sleep-wake cycle regulation. The two orexin receptor subtypes OX1 and OX2 both mediate the action of orexin-A and orexin-B and couple efficiently through Gq/11 to activate phospholipase C and lead to elevation of intracellular calcium.

Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2, also known as OX2, is a human protein encoded by the HCRTR2 gene. Orexin A and orexin B are neuropeptides originally identified as endogenous ligands for OX2. Orexin neuropeptides are produced by a small group of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical areas, a region that is classically implicated with the control of mammalian feeding behavior. Orexin neurons that project throughout the central nervous system to nuclei are known to be important in the control of feeding, sleep-wakefulness, neuroendocrine homeostasis, and autonomic regulation.

OX40 (CD134) is a member of the TNFR/TNF superfamily. Costimulatory signals from OX40 to a conventional T cell promotes division and survival, augmenting the clonal expansion of effector and memory populations as they are being generated to antigens. OX40 additionally suppresses the differentiation and activity of Treg, further amplifying this process.

Oxytocin is an abundant neuropeptide that exerts a wide spectrum of central and peripheral effects. In the context of human reproduction, oxytocin promotes uterine contractions and lactation. It is the most commonly used drug for labor induction. Oxytocin receptors are expressed in the uterus and in mammary glands, where they mediate functions related to partutition, such as contraction of the uterine myometrium during labor and milk letdown. In addition, oxytocin receptors are expressed in a variety of other peripheral tissues and in the brain, where oxytocin mediates a variety of functions. OXTR antagonists may be promising candidates to prevent preterm labor and dysmenorrheal and its agonists may also be useful for treatment of psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety, drug abuse, sexual dysfunctions, eating disorders, and autism.

The Vasoactive intestinal Peptide/Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (VPAC) receptor is G protein-coupled and has been divided into at least three types: PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2. High expression of PAC1 is observed in CNS and the adrenal medulla. Several splice variants of PAC1 result in proteins that differ at the N-terminus and third intracellular loop; these variants differ in their affinities for PACAP and abilities to activate Gq and Gs. This manual describes establishment of a cell line and a protocol of pharmacologically validated human PAC1 GPCR receptor (Genebank Accession Number: NM_003382).

Proteinase-activated receptors (PAR) are a subfamily of G-protein coupled, seven-transmembrane domain receptors, which are cleaved within the aminoterminal exodomain by certain serine proteinases at a specific peptide bond. Trypsin and mast cell tryptase, and more recently, the activated coagulation factors VIIa and Xa, have been identified as serine proteinases able to activate mammalian PAR-2. As already indicated, PAR-2 is believed to be involved in inflammation. This role for PAR-2 implies that elastase and cathepsin G would paradoxically display an anti-inflammatory property by disarming PAR-2.

Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-4 is a member of a unique family of GPCRs. The protease-activated receptors (PARs) that are activated by proteolytic cleavage of the N-terminal domain of the receptor reveal a tethered ligand. The PAR family consists of 4 receptors; PAR1 and PAR3 are activated by thrombin, and PAR2 and PAR4 are activated by several serine proteases (Macfarlane et al., 2001). PAR4 is a recently identified low-affinity thrombin receptor that plays a pathophysiological role in many types of tissues including the lung. Mice lacking PAR4 are protected from mesenteric arteriole thrombosis, indicating that PAR4 is a potential target for treatment of thrombosis in humans.

Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD1 gene. PD-1, functioning as an immune checkpoint, plays an important role in down regulating the immune system by preventing the activation of T-cells, which in turn reduces autoimmunity and promotes self-tolerance. The inhibitory effect of PD-1 is accomplished through a dual mechanism of promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death) in antigen specific T-cells in lymph nodes while simultaneously reducing apoptosis in regulatory T cells (suppressor T cells).

Recombinant CHO-K1 cells stably overexpress Homo sapiens programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on the cell surface. The surface expression is validated by FACS analysis. This cell line is recommended for cell-based binding assay to screen antibodies against PD-L1 or to measure binding affinity between PD-L1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies.

Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD1LG2 gene. PDCD1LG2 has also been designated as CD273 (cluster of differentiation 273). Inhibitory molecules of the B7/CD28 family play a key role in the induction of immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment. The programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1), with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, constitutes an important member of these inhibitory pathways. PD-L2 expression was initially thought to be restricted to antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). PD-L2 expression can be induced on a wide variety of other immune cells and nonimmune cells depending on microenvironmental stimuli.

The prolactin releasing hormone receptor PRLHR also named PrRP receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor that binds the prolactin releasing hormone. RT-PCR analysis showed expression of PRLHR in the human brain, pituitaries, normal portions of adrenal glands and various tumor tissues. Northern blot analysis showed high expression of PRLHR only in tumor tissues of pheochromocytomas, indicating that PRLHR expression is high in pheochromocytomas. The present study has shown that PRLHR mRNA was widely expressed in the brain tissues, pituitaries, adrenal glands and various tumors. The high expression of PRLHR receptor in pheochromocytomas suggests potential pathophysiological roles of PRLHR in these tumors

The platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor (PTAFR) is a G protein coupled receptor that signals through multiple pathways and mediates several cellular responses including cell motility, smooth muscle contraction, and releases of cytokine and leukotriene (Stafforini et al., 2003). In humans, various diseases have been associated with PAF, such as allergic asthma, endotoxic shock, atherosclerosis and psoriasis.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTHR1) is a G protein coupled receptor which mediates the actions of both amino-terminal PTH and PTHrP fragments. The most abundant expression of PTHR1 is found in renal tubular cells and in osteoblasts, where the PTH/PTHrP receptor mediates the endocrine actions of PTH, and in prehypertrophic chondrocytes of the metaphyseal growth plate, where it mediates the autocrine/paracrine actions of PTHrP. Intact PTH (PTH 1-84) is compounded by a peptide of 84 amino acids (AA), the amino-terminal sequence, constituted by the first 34 AA (N-terminal structure), is necessary for its action.

Recombinant CHO-K1 cells stably overexpress human SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on their surface. The surface expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is validated by FACS analysis. This stable cell line product is designed for screening antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, as well as measuring binding affinity and stability of antibody-based biologics that bind with spike protein. GenScript also offers spike protein expressing HEK293T stable cell line (Cat. No. M00804) for SARS-CoV-2 study.

Somatostatin acts at many sites to inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. The biologic effects of somatostatin are probably mediated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. SST1 receptor is a Gi/Go-coupled GPCR which is expressed in pancreatic islets, pituitary, Cerebellum (Purkinje cells), frontal cortex (pyramidal cells), hippocampus (CA1-4 subfields and some granule cells of the dentate gyrus). It inhibits cAMP accumulation and stimulates tyrosine phosphatase activity, it also can antiproliferation.
GenScript’s SST1-expressing stable cell line was made in CHO-K1/Gqi5 host cell and optimized for calcium assays.

Somatostatin acts at many sites to inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. The biologic effects of somatostatin are probably mediated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. SST2 is a member of the superfamily of receptors having seven transmembrane segments and is expressed in highest levels in cerebrum and kidney. Studies showed the involvement of the SST2 receptor in the inhibition of glucagon secretion.

Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), a family of seven transmembrane (TM) domain G-protein-coupled receptors having five distinct subtypes (termed SSTR1-5), are activated by somatostatin secreted from the nerve and endocrine cells. SSTRs are widely expressed in many tissues, frequently as multiple subtypes that coexist in the same cell. With expressions in a tissue-specific manner, SSTRs are involved in the regulation of secretion of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone as well as cell growth induced by neuronal excitation in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The five receptors share common signaling pathways such as the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP), and modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through G-protein-dependent mechanisms. Aberrant expression of somatostatin receptors is known to be involved in a large number of human tumors. The human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line TT expresses all SSTR subtypes. SSTR3 mRNA is detected in the brain and pancreatic islets. SSTR3 uniquely triggers PTP-dependent apoptosis accompanied by the activation of p53 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and displays acute desensitization of adenylyl cyclase coupling.

Somatostatin acts at many sites to inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. The biologic effects of somatostatin are probably mediated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. SST4 is a member of the superfamily of receptors having seven transmembrane segments and is expressed in highest levels in fetal and adult brain and lung. SST4 enhances AMPA receptor-mediated currents in the hippocampus, and interacts with the SST2 receptor.

Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), a family of seven transmembrane (TM) domain G-protein-coupled receptors having five distinct subtypes (termed SSTR1–5), are activated by somatostatin secreted from the nerve and endocrine cells. SSTRs are widely expressed in many tissues, frequently as multiple subtypes that coexist in the same cell. With expressions in a tissue-specific manner, SSTRs are involved in the regulation of secretion of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone as well as cell growth induced by neuronal excitation in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The five receptors share common signaling pathways such as the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP), and modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through G-protein-dependent mechanisms. Aberrant expression of somatostatin receptors is known to be involved in a large number of human tumors. The human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line TT expresses all SSTR subtypes. SSTR5 induces cell cycle arrest via PTP-dependent modulation of MAPK, which is associated with the induction of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein and p21. In addition, SSTR 5 displays acute desensitization of adenylyl cyclase coupling and undergoes rapid agonist-dependent endocytosis.

TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) was recently characterized as an inhibitory receptor, which is expressed mainly on NK, Treg, CD8+ T, and CD4+ T cells. TIGIT harbors an immunoglobulin tail tyrosine (ITT)-like phosphorylation motif and an ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif) in its cytoplasmic tail. The poliovirus receptor (PVR or CD155) was identified as the physical ligand of TIGIT with high affinity, and PVRL2 (Nectin2 or CD112) also binds to TIGIT with a weaker binding capacity. TIGIT/PVR engagement suppresses T cell activation through IL-10 secretion mediated by dendritic cells. Furthermore, TIGIT also exerts an intrinsic inhibitory function to T cell activation.

T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) is a member of the T-cell Immunoglobulin- and Mucin-domain-containing family of type I membrane glycoproteins that regulate autoimmune and allergic disease. TIM-3 is selectively expressed on Th1 cells and interacts with galectin-9. It negatively regulates Th1 responses and affects macrophage activation. The 280 amino acid mature human TIM-3 contains a V-type Ig-like domain that shows multiple polymorphisms, followed by a mucin-like domain in the 171 amino acid extracellular region, which shares 60% amino acid identity with mouse TIM-3 ECD.

Thyrtropin-releasing hormone receptor1 (TRH1) is a member of G-protein coupled receptor family A. This protein is a receptor for Thyrtropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Human TRH1 is expressed in lymphocytes, pituitary gland and CNS. It can stimulate the releasing of prolactin (PRL), thyrotropin (TSH). TRH1 receptor knockout mice exhibit a slightly reduced growth rate, considerable decrease in serum T₃, T₄, and prolactin levels but no alteration of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels.

The Urotensin II receptor (UT2), also named UTS2R, GPR14, which is expressed in endothelium, smooth muscle, heart and pancreas. Pharmacological inhibition of urotensin II receptor interactions prevents renal insufficiency following renal artery ligation. .

The antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors which consists of at least three types: V1A (vascular/hepatic) and V1B (anterior pituitary) receptors, which act through phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis to mobilize intracellular Ca²⁺; and V2 (kidney) receptor, which is coupled to adenylate cyclase. V1B receptors are expressed in anterior pituitary where they mediate the release of ACTH . Its peripheral actions, such as antidiuresis, contraction of vascular smooth muscle, and stimulation of hepatic glycogenolysis are well characterized.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a cyclic nonapeptide that acts by binding to a family of vasopressin receptors that includes V1a, V1b, and V2 receptors. In particular, V2 receptors are expressed in kidney where vasopressin exerts its antidiuretic action. V1a and V1b couple to Gq and calcium release, whereas V2 couples to Gs. Mutations in V2 result in X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a syndrome in which the kidney is unable to concentrate urine, leading to dehydration and hypernatremia. Conversely, elevated levels of AVP lead to hyponatremia in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), congestive heart failure or cirrhosis, and V2 selective antagonists have been developed to treat these conditions.

Recombinant CHO-K1 cells stably overexpress V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) on the cell surface. The surface expression of VISTA is validated by FACS analysis. This cell line is designed for cell-based binding for screening antibodies binding with VISTA and evaluating target binding affinity.

The widespread neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has two receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2. The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor VPAC1 is G_s-coupled GPCRs expressed in the lung, prostate, peripheral blood leukocytes, liver, brain, small intestine colon, heart, spleen, placenta, kidney, thymus, and testis.

The Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 2 (VPAC2) is a Gs-coupled receptor expressed in the stroma of uterus and prostate; smooth muscles in gastrointestinal tract, seminal vesicles and skin; blood vessels; thymus. VPAC2 is an essential regulator of the circadian pacemaker of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei.

Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD1 gene. PD-1, functioning as an immune checkpoint, plays an important role in down regulating the immune system by preventing the activation of T-cells, which in turn reduces autoimmunity and promotes self-tolerance. The inhibitory effect of PD-1 is accomplished through a dual mechanism of promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death) in antigen specific T-cells in lymph nodes while simultaneously reducing apoptosis in regulatory T cells (suppressor T cells).

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, also commonly known as serotonin) is synthesized in enterochromaffin cells in the intestine and in serotonergic nerve terminals. In the periphery, 5-HT mediates gastrointestinal motility, platelet aggregation, and contraction of blood vessels. Many functions of the central nervous system are influenced by 5-HT, including sleep, motor activity, sensory perception, arousal, and appetite. A family of 12 GPCRs and one ion channel mediate the biological effects of 5-HT (Hoyer et al., 1994). 5HT2C is expressed in the brain and spinal cord, especially the choroid plexus. 5HT2C receptor agonists may have important clinical value in the treatment of mental and eating disorders, such as depression, panic anxiety, OCD, bulimia, and obesity. GenScript’s cloned human 5-HT2C expressing cell line is generated in the CHO-K1 host.

Recombinant HEK293 cells stably express Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface. The surface expression of ACE2 is validated by FACS analysis. This stable cell line product is designed for cell-based binding assays that measure the binding affinity and stability of antibody based biologics binding with ACE2, and can be utilized for SARS-Cov-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay for screening neutralizing antibodies.

Angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1 receptor) is a member of angiotensin receptors which are responsible for the signal transduction of the main effecter hormone. Effects mediated by the AT1 receptor include vasoconstriction, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, increased vasopressin secretion, cardiac hypertrophy, augmentation of peripheral noradrenergic activity, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, decreased renal blood flow, renal renin inhibition, renal tubular sodium reuptake, modulation of central sympathetic nervous system activity, cardiac contractility, central osmocontrol and extracellular matrix formation.

Claudins are a family of proteins, which play a role in maintaining tight cell junctions. Differentclaudin subtypes are expressed on different tissues.Claudin18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2) expressionin normal tissues is restricted to cells of the gastric mucosa and is absent from other healthytissues However, CLDN 18.2 is expressed in 70% of primary gastric adenocarcinomas and itsmetastases (101). It has also beenshown to be expressed in a number of other cancers,including pancreatic (50%), esophagus (30%) and NSCLC (25%)The restricted expressionmakes it a potential drug target for the treatment of gastric and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, asevidenced by effortsto target CLDN18.2 via naked antibody and CAR-T modalities.

* The mycoplasma test was
performed with MycoAlert™ PLUS Mycoplasma Detection Kit of Lonza.

Prostaglandins are known to affect the nervous system and can modulate synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter release, the sleep/wake cycle, fever, pain, and the immune system. Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP1 subtype (EP1/PTGER1) is a receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The members of the EP receptor family, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4, elicit their actions by altering cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or intracellular calcium concentrations. EP1 activates phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol turnover and stimulates the release of intracellular calcium via a Gi/Gq-coupled mechanism. EP2 and EP4 both signal through a Gs-coupled mechanism that stimulates adenylyl cyclase and increases intracellular levels of cAMP. EP1 appears to mediate the effects of PGE2 in promoting the formation of precancerous lesions in animal models of colon cancer. In addition, EP1 has an inhibitory effect on stress-induced aggressive and risk-taking behaviors in mice.

Prostaglandin F (2-alpha) is known as a potent luteolytic agent. It is involved in modulating intraocular pressure and smooth muscle contraction in uterus. Its effects on cells are mediated through specific interaction with the Prostanoid receptor FP, which is a 359-amino acid protein. Having 7 putative transmembrane domains, FP resembles the characteristic of G protein coupled receptors. Knockout studies in mice suggest that the interaction of PGF2-alpha with this receptor may initiate parturition in ovarian luteal cells and thereupon induce luteolysis.

Glucagon regulates blood glucose via control of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and via regulation of insulin release from the β cell. Pharmacological administration of glucagon increases blood glucose in normal and diabetic subjects, and produces positive inotropic and chronotropic cardiovascular effects, relaxation of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract and stimulation of growth hormone secretion. The actions of glucagon are mediated via a single adenylate cyclase-coupled glucagon receptor that also couples to the phospholipase C-inositol phosphate (PLC-IP) pathway leading to Ca²⁺ release from intracellular stores.

HEK293/Gα15 is a HEK293 cell line stably expressing the Gα15 alpha subunit protein which a Gq protein.  It is used as a host cell for transfection expression of Gs and Gi/o -coupled receptors, the constitutively expressed Gα15 protein in the cells allows many transfected receptors which normally stimulate/inhibit the cAMP pathway, to couple to Gq signal transduction and mobilize intracellular calcium.  The cell line carries the puromycin resistance gene and is resistant to puromycin

The H1 histamine receptor is expressed primarily in the lungs, vasculature, and brain. The H1 mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, neurotransmission in the central nervous system, the release of catecholamine from adrenal medulla, and increases in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules. H1’s role in inflammatory responses makes its antagonist suitable for treating allergies.

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene. The formation of the PD-1 receptor / PD-L1 or B7.1 receptor /PD-L1 ligand complex transmits an inhibitory signal which reduces the proliferation of these CD8+ T cells at the lymph nodes. PD-1 is also able to control the accumulation of foreign antigen specific T cells in the lymph nodes through apoptosis, which is further mediated by a lower regulation of the gene Bcl-2.

The thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor (TP) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily which mediates TxA2-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. Dysregulation of TxA2 synthesis and function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of disease states including myocardial ischemia, asthma, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and a variety of kidney diseases. TP receptors (Thromboxane A2 receptors) are widely distributed among different organ systems and localized on both cell membranes and in intracellular structures. Two isoforms of human TPs have been cloned from placenta (TPα) and endothelium (TPβ) that differ in their mechanisms and kinetics of desensitization and internalization. The TPs are linked via the Gq/G11 class of G proteins to phospholipase C (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphoinositides to two potent second messengers: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which leads to an increase in cytoplasmic free calcium, and diacylglycerol (DAG), which activates protein kinase C (PKC).

Recombinant HEK293T cells stably overexpress human SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on their surface. The surface expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is validated by FACS analysis. This stable cell line product is designed for screening antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, as well as for measuring binding affinity and stability of antibody based biologics that bind with spike protein. GenScript also offers spike protein expressing CHO-K1 stable cell line (Cat. No. M00803) for SARS-CoV-2 study.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid produced by several cell types including postmitotic neurons and activated platelets, is thought to be involved in various biological processes, including brain development. Three cognate G-protein coupled receptors encoded by lpa(1)/lp(A1)/Edg-2/Gpcr26, lpa(2)/lp(A2)/Edg-4, and lpa(3)/lp(A3)/Edg-7 mediate the cellular effects of LPA. However, many LPA-induced responses, including phospholipase C activation, Ca²⁺ mobilization, adenylyl cyclase activation, proliferation, JNK activation, AKT activation, and stress fiber formation, were absent or severely reduced in embryonic fibroblasts derived from lpa(1)(-/-) lpa(2)(-/-) mice. The lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPA2 or endothelial differentiation, G-protein coupled receptor 4(EDG-4) is expressed most abundantly in testes and peripheral blood leukocytes. It is reported to be a distinctive functional marker for ovarian carcinoma.