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CA125, known as cancer antigen 125, carcinoma antigen 125, and carbohydrate antigen 125, is a member of the mucin family glycoproteins. It is involved in boosting tumorigenesis and tumor proliferation and is considered as a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

CA125, known as cancer antigen 125, carcinoma antigen 125, and carbohydrate antigen 125, is a member of the mucin family glycoproteins. It is involved in boosting tumorigenesis and tumor proliferation and is considered as a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

CA15-3
(Carcinoma antigen 15-3) is also known as MUC 1 antigen. It is a
membrane-anchored, mucin-type glycoprotein present in malignant cells. It is
used as tumor marker to monitor breast cancer treatment and disease recurrence.

CA15-3
(Carcinoma antigen 15-3) is also known as MUC 1 antigen. It is a
membrane-anchored, mucin-type glycoprotein present in malignant cells. It is
used as tumor marker to monitor breast cancer treatment and disease recurrence.

CA15-3 (Carcinoma antigen 15-3) is also known as MUC 1 antigen. It is a membrane-anchored, mucin-type glycoprotein present in malignant cells. It is used as tumor marker to monitor breast cancer treatment and disease recurrence.

Carbohydrate
antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is the sialylated form of Lewis Antigen. It may be
elevated in many types of gastrointestinal cancer, such as colorectal cancer,
esophageal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is useful for diagnosis and monitoring of
pancreatic cancer

Carbohydrate
antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is the sialylated form of Lewis Antigen. It may be
elevated in many types of gastrointestinal cancer, such as colorectal cancer,
esophageal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is useful for diagnosis and monitoring of pancreatic cancer

CA242, known as carbohydrate antigen 242, is a sialyated carbohydrate antigen. It is a cancer-associated glycoprotein expressed in the sera of pancreatic cancer patients. CA242 is a useful biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance of gastrointestinal malignancies.

CA242, known as carbohydrate antigen 242, is a sialyated carbohydrate antigen. It is a cancer-associated glycoprotein expressed in the sera of pancreatic cancer patients. CA242 is a useful biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance of gastrointestinal malignancies.

CA72-4 (Cancer antigen 72-4), also known as Tumor associated glycoprotein (TAG) 72, is a mucin-like protein of high molecular weight (200- 400 kD). CA 72-4 has high specificity for diagnosis of benign diseases. It is also a helpful marker in the diagnosis of gastric cancer, ovarian carcinoma and colorectal carcinoma.

CA72-4 (Cancer antigen 72-4), also known as Tumor associated glycoprotein (TAG) 72, is a mucin-like protein of high molecular weight (200- 400 kD). CA 72-4 has high specificity for diagnosis of benign diseases. It is also a helpful marker in the diagnosis of gastric cancer, ovarian carcinoma and colorectal carcinoma.

CA72-4 (Cancer antigen 72-4), also known as Tumor associated glycoprotein (TAG) 72, is a mucin-like protein of high molecular weight (200- 400 kD). CA 72-4 has high specificity for diagnosis of benign diseases. It is also a helpful marker in the diagnosis of gastric cancer, ovarian carcinoma and colorectal carcinoma.

PCT, a 116 amino acid (aa) protein, is comprised of three sections including a 57 aa N-terminal PCT, a 32 aa calcitonin and a 21 aa katacalcin. Calcitonin is a hormone, derived from PCT cleavage. PCT is a good diagnosis marker for bacterial infection. Other diseases such as sepsis, inflammation, surgery, heat shock, burn injuries and cardiogenic shock can also cause an increase of PCT level in blood.

PCT is a 116 amino acid (aa) protein. It is comprised of three sections of a 57 aa N-terminal PCT, a 32 aa calcitonin and a 21 aa katacalcin. Calcitonin is a hormone, derived from PCT cleavage. PCT is a good diagnosis marker for bacterial infection. Other diseases such as sepsis, inflammation, surgery, heat shock, burn injuries and cardiogenic shock can also cause an increase of PCT level in blood.

Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) is a subtype of the troponin family that is commonly used as a marker for myocardial damage. Cardiac troponin I is specific for cardiac tissue and is detected in the serum only if myocardial injury has occurred. Because cardiac troponin I is a very sensitive and specific indicator of heart muscle (myocardium) damage, serum levels can be used to help differentiate between unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack) in people with chest pain or acute coronary syndrome.

Cardiac
TnT (cTnT) is the largest subunit of the troponin complex which is composed of
cTnT, troponin I (TnI), troponin C (TnC). It is encoded by the TNNT2 gene with
a calculated molecular weight of 34.6 kDa. The cTnT is considered as a useful
biomarker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Cardiac TnT (cTnT) is the largest subunit of the troponin complex which is composed of cTnT, troponin I (TnI), troponin C (TnC). It is encoded by the TNNT2 gene with a calculated molecular weight of 34.6 kDa. The cTnT is considered as a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Cardiac TnT (cTnT) is the largest subunit of the troponin complex which is composed of cTnT, troponin I (TnI), troponin C (TnC). It is encoded by the TNNT2 gene with a calculated molecular weight of 34.6 kDa. The cTnT is considered as a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Cardiac
TnT (cTnT) is the largest subunit of the troponin complex which is composed of
cTnT, troponin I (TnI), troponin C (TnC). It is encoded by the TNNT2 gene with
a calculated molecular weight of 34.6 kDa. The cTnT is considered as a useful
biomarker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Cathepsin B is an enzymatic protein belonging to the peptidase (or protease) families. The protein encoded by this gene is a lysosomal cysteine protease composed of a dimer of disulfide-linked heavy and light chains, both produced from a single protein precursor. It is a member of the peptidase C1 family. At least five transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Cystatin-B / CSTB is an intracellular thiol proteinase inhibitor. Tightly binding reversible inhibitor of cathepsins L, H and B. Cystatin-B / CSTB is able to form a dimer stabilized by noncovalent forces, inhibiting papain and cathepsins l, h and b. Cystatin-B / CSTB is also thought to play a role in protecting against the proteases leaking from lysosomes.

Cathepsin L is an enzyme. Cathepsin L, a lysosomal endopeptidase expressed in most eukaryotic cells, is a member of the papain-like family of cysteine proteinases. Cathepsin L plays a major role in antigen processing, tumor invasion and metastasis, bone resorption, and turnover of intracellular and secreted proteins involved in growth regulation. Unlike the precursor forms of other papain family members, the 43 kDa pro-cathepsin L itself is secreted from various cells. Pro-cathepsin L is the major excreted protein of malignantly transformed mouse fibroblasts and is also one of the major acidic cysteine proteases in mammalian cells.

CCL25 is a new member of the CC family chemokine. It is also called Thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK) because it is restricted produced by thymus and intestine. Especially, the dendritic cells derived from thymus but not bone marrow had been identified to be the source of CCL25. By binding with CCR9, it elicits its effects of chemotactic for thymocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Additionally, CCL25 takes part in regulating the development of T-cells.

CD160 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Ig domain protein that is expressed on almost all intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), γδ T (gamma delta T) cells, NK (natural killer) cells, and a minor subset of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In terms of function, work has centered on the role of CD160 in enhancing NK or CD8 T cell activation. Such effects have been attributed to the ability of CD160 to bind classical and nonclassical MHC class I molecules, although with apparent low affinity, requiring clustering of MHC class I molecules or overexpression of CD160 or MHC class I for detection of the interaction.

CD19 is a 95 kDa coreceptor, which amplifies the signaling cascade in B cells. On the B cell surface, CD19 associates with CD21, CD81 and Leu-13 to exert its function. The cytoplasmic tail of CD19 has nine conserved tyrosine residues playing critical roles in CD19 mediated function by coupling signaling molecules to the receptor. Mature human CD19 consists of a 272aa extracellular domain (ECD) with two Ig-like domains, a 22aa transmembrane segment, and a 243aa cytoplasmic domain.

Signal transducer CD24 also known as cluster of differentiation 24 or heat stable antigen CD24 (HSA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD24 gene. CD24 is a cell adhesion molecule. CD24 is a sialoglycoprotein expressed at the surface of most B lymphocytes and differentiating neuroblasts. It is also expressed on neutrophils and neutrophil precursors from the myelocyte stage onwards. The encoded protein is anchored via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) link to the cell surface. The protein also contributes to a wide range of downstream signaling networks and is crucial for neural development. Cross-linking of CD24 on the surface of neutrophils induces apoptosis, and this appears to be defective in sepsis.

Signal transducer CD24 also known as cluster of differentiation 24 or heat stable antigen CD24 (HSA) is a protein that in mouse is encoded by the CD24 gene. CD24 is a cell adhesion molecule. CD24 is a sialoglycoprotein expressed at the surface of most B lymphocytes and differentiating neuroblasts. It is also expressed on neutrophils and neutrophil precursors from the myelocyte stage onwards. The encoded protein is anchored via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) link to the cell surface. The protein also contributes to a wide range of downstream signaling networks and is crucial for neural development. Cross-linking of CD24 on the surface of neutrophils induces apoptosis, and this appears to be defective in sepsis.

CD70 (Cluster of Differentiation 70) is a protein that in humans is encoded by CD70 gene. CD70 is a ligand for CD27. The CD70-CD27 pathway plays an important role in the generation and maintenance of T cell immunity, in particular during antiviral responses. Upon CD27 binding, induces the proliferation of costimulated T-cells and enhances the generation of cytolytic T-cells.The CD70 protein is expressed on highly activated lymphocytes (like in T- and B-cell lymphomas). It is therefore suggested that anti-CD70 antibodies might be a possible treatment for CD70 positive lymphomas as normal lymphocytes have low CD70 expression.

Human CD28 is composed of four exons encoding a protein of 220 amino acids that is expressed on the cell surface as a glycosylated, disulfide-linked homodimer of 44 kDa. Members of the CD28 family share a number of common features. These receptors consist of paired V-set immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains attached to single transmembrane domains and cytoplasmic domains that contain critical signaling motifs. The CD28 and CTLA4 ligands, CD80 and CD86, consist of single V-set and C1-set IgSF domains. The interaction of these costimulatory receptors with ligands is mediated through the MYPPPY motif within the receptor V-set domains. CD28 is expressed constitutively on almost all human CD4 T cells and approximately 50% of CD8 T cells. CD28 costimulation has diverse effects on T cell function, including biochemical events at the immunological synapse, downstream phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications, transcriptional changes, and cytoskeletal remodeling. At the most basic level, CD28 signals increase a cell’s glycolytic rate, allowing cells to generate the energy necessary for growth and proliferation.

CD30, also known as TNFRSF8, is a cell membrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, which regulates proliferation/apoptosis and antibody responses. CD30 is expressed by activated, but not by resting, T and B cells. Aberrant expression of CD30 by mastocytosis mast cells and interaction with its ligand CD30L (CD153) appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of systemic mastocytosis. CD30 has been considered as a specific diagnostic biomarker of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). CD30 is also a biomarker used for targeted therapy by an antibody–drug conjugate.

CD38 (also referred to as T10 antigen) is a nonlineage-restricted type II transmembrane glycoprotein that has emerged as an intracellular calcium ion mobilizing messenger. It can serve as an ectoenzyme that catalyzes the synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose. The enzymatic functions of CD38 probably contribute to an array of its immunoregulatory functions. It has been found on the surface of many immune cells (white blood cells), including CD4+, CD8+, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Soluble CD38 and the ability of membrane-bound CD38 to become internalized in response to appropriate stimuli suggest that extracellular and intracellular roles for this protein are equally plausible.

CD40 Ligand (CD40L/CD154/TRAP) is a membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells. The CD40 ligand stimulates B-cell proliferation and secretion of all immunoglobulin isotypes in the presence of cytokines. It also costimulates proliferation of activated T-cell and this is accompanied by the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL2. CD40 ligand has been shown to induce cytokine production and tumoricidal activity in peripheral blood monocytes.

Leukocyte surface antigen CD47 is also known as Antigenic surface determinant protein OA3, Integrin-associated protein (IAP) and Protein MER6. CD47 contains 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. CD47 is a 40‑60 kDa variably glycosylated atypical member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and an integral membrane protein that consists of a 123 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain (ECD) with a single Ig-like domain, five membrane-spanning regions with short intervening loops, and a 34 aa C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. CD47 has a role in both cell adhesion by acting as an adhesion receptor for THBS1 on platelets, and in the modulation of integrins and plays an important role in memory formation and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus by similarity. CD47 is the receptor for SIRPA, binding to which prevents maturation of immature dendritic cells and inhibits cytokine production by mature dendritic cells. CD47 Interaction with SIRPG mediates cell-cell adhesion, enhances superantigen-dependent T-cell-mediated proliferation and costimulates T-cell activation.

Leukocyte surface antigen CD47 is also known as Antigenic surface determinant protein OA3, Integrin-associated protein (IAP) and Protein MER6. CD47 contains 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. CD47 is a 40‑60 kDa variably glycosylated atypical member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and an integral membrane protein that consists of a 123 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain (ECD) with a single Ig-like domain, five membrane-spanning regions with short intervening loops, and a 34 aa C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. CD47 has a role in both cell adhesion by acting as an adhesion receptor for THBS1 on platelets, and in the modulation of integrins and plays an important role in memory formation and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus by similarity. CD47 is the receptor for SIRPA, binding to which prevents maturation of immature dendritic cells and inhibits cytokine production by mature dendritic cells. CD47 Interaction with SIRPG mediates cell-cell adhesion, enhances superantigen-dependent T-cell-mediated proliferation and costimulates T-cell activation.

CD48 antigen (Cluster of Differentiation 48) also known as B-lymphocyte activation marker (BLAST-1) or signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 2 (SLAMF2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD48 gene. CD48 is a member of the CD2 subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) which includes SLAM (signaling lymphocyte activation molecules) proteins, such as CD84, CD150, CD229 and CD244. CD48 is found on the surface of lymphocytes and other immune cells, dendritic cells and endothelial cells, and participates in activation and differentiation pathways in these cells. CD48 was the first B-cell-specific cellular differentiation antigen identified in transformed B lymphoblasts.

CD73, also known as ecto-5′-nucleotidase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NT5E gene.CD73 commonly serves to convert AMP to adenosine.The enzyme consists of a dimer of 2 identical 70-kD subunits bound by a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol linkage to the external face of the plasma membrane. The enzyme is used as a marker of lymphocyte differentiation. A  deficiency of CD73 occurs in a variety of immunodeficiency diseases.

CD96 (Cluster of Differentiation 96), also known as Tactile (T cell activation, increased late expression), is a receptor protein which is expressed on T cells and NK cells and shares sequence similarity with CD226 (also known as DNAM-1). The main ligand of CD96 is CD155 and CD96 competes with CD226 for binding to CD155. This protein belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and may play a role in the adhesive interactions of activated T and NK cells during the late phase of the immune response. It may also promote NK cell-target adhesion by interacting with PVR present on target cells and function in antigen presentation.

Carcinoembroyonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein, produced during the embryonic and fetal period. The high concentration of CEA in blood are observed in many patients with cancer of the lung, liver, pancreas, breast, colon and prostate. The elevated CEA levels are related to the stage of the disease.

Carcinoembroyonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein, produced during the embryonic and fetal period. The high concentration of CEA in blood are observed in many patients with cancer of the lung, liver, pancreas, breast, colon and prostate. The elevated CEA levels are related to the stage of the disease.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) also known as Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5), CD antigen CD66e, Meconium antigen 100, is an oncofetal glycoprotein that is normally expressed by mucosal cells. CEA is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily of proteins. CEA is a glycophosphatidylinositol- (GPI-) linked membrane-anchoring protein that is exposed to the cell surface that faces the extracellular matrix. The membrane-anchoring region of CEA can be cleaved by phospholipase C and phospholipase D. The cleaved products are soluble and circulating through blood vessels. Thus, CEA can be present as secreted and cell surface-anchored forms. CEA is functionally associated with cellular interaction, cell adhesion, immune response, anoikis resistance, and promotion of liver metastasis. CEA overexpression is associated with many types of cancers including gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary system and breast cancers.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) also known as Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5), CD antigen CD66e, Meconium antigen 100, is an oncofetal glycoprotein that is normally expressed by mucosal cells. CEA is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily of proteins. CEA is a glycophosphatidylinositol- (GPI-) linked membrane-anchoring protein that is exposed to the cell surface that faces the extracellular matrix. The membrane-anchoring region of CEA can be cleaved by phospholipase C and phospholipase D. The cleaved products are soluble and circulating through blood vessels. Thus, CEA can be present as secreted and cell surface-anchored forms. CEA is functionally associated with cellular interaction, cell adhesion, immune response, anoikis resistance, and promotion of liver metastasis. CEA overexpression is associated with many types of cancers including gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary system and breast cancers.

Creatine kinase (CK) is a dimeric enzyme, including three isoforms of creatine kinase: BB, MM, and MB. Level of serum CK-MB will be increased within 4-6 hours after a myocardial infarction (MI). CK-MB is considered as a useful marker for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.

Creatine kinase (CK) is a dimeric enzyme, including three isoforms of creatine kinase: BB, MM, and MB. Level of serum CK-MB will be increased within 4-6 hours after a myocardial infarction (MI). CK-MB is considered as a useful marker for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.

Creatine kinase (CK) is a dimeric enzyme, including three isoforms of creatine kinase: BB, MM, and MB. Level of serum CK-MB will be increased within 4-6 hours after a myocardial infarction (MI). CK-MB is considered as a useful marker for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.

Creatine kinase (CK) is a dimeric enzyme, including three isoforms of creatine kinase: BB, MM, and MB. Level of serum CK-MB will be increased within 4-6 hours after a myocardial infarction (MI). CK-MB is considered as a useful marker for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.

Claudin-18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLDN18 gene. CLDN18 belongs to the large claudin family of proteins, which form tight junction strands in epithelial cells. The Expression of Isoform A2 (CLDN18.2) is restricted to the stomach mucosa where it is predominantly observed in the epithelial cells of the pit region and the base of the gastric glands including exocrine and endocrine cells (at protein level). CLDN18.2 is founded to be abundant in gastric tumors, Experimental antibody IMAB362 targets Claudin 18.2 to help treat gastric cancers.

Claudin-18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLDN18 gene. CLDN18 belongs to the large claudin family of proteins, which form tight junction strands in epithelial cells. The Expression of Isoform A2 (CLDN18.2) is restricted to the stomach mucosa where it is predominantly observed in the epithelial cells of the pit region and the base of the gastric glands including exocrine and endocrine cells (at protein level). CLDN18.2 is founded to be abundant in gastric tumors, Experimental antibody IMAB362 targets Claudin 18.2 to help treat gastric cancers.

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) is a cytokine belonging to the Interleukin 6 (IL-6) family, which also includes IL-6, Oncostatin M, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), and Cardiotrophin-1. Structurally, CNTF resembles a four-helix bundle composition, similar to the other members of the IL-6 family. The receptor for CNTF is composed of three parts: a gp130-like subunit common in the IL-6 receptor family, a LIF Receptor β subunit, and a CNTF specific α receptor subunit. Upon binding to the CNTF, the β subunit of the CNTF receptor will undergo tyrosine phosphorylation, and activate the intracellular JAK/STAT pathway. The main function of CNTF in vivo is to promote the differentiation and survival of a variety of neurons and glial cells, including sympathetic precursor cells and spinal motor neurons.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. CNTF was initially identified as a trophic factor for embryonic chick ciliary parasympathetic neurons in culture. Furthermore, the protein is also a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. In addition, CNTF is useful for treatment of motor neuron disease and it could reduce food intake without causing hunger or stress. Recombinant murine CNTF containing 198 amino acids and it shares 82 % and 95 % a.a. sequence identity with human and rat CNTF.

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) is a polypeptide hormone which acts within the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. CNTF is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may play a role in reducing tissue damage during increased inflammation. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, however this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is synthesized in the liver by macrophage. Its level in blood increases when inflammation occurs. CRP serves as a useful marker for diagnosis of inflammation. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), can serve as a risk marker for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease. Measuring hsCRP in blood is helpful to provide positive treatment of the disease.