1mg

Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), also known as CD223, is a cell-surface 70kDa molecule belong to Ig superfamily with diverse biologic effects on T cell function. LAG-3 is a CD4 homolog originally cloned in 1990. The gene for LAG-3 lies adjacent to the gene for CD4 on human chromosome 12 (12p13) and is approximately 20% identical to the CD4 gene. human LAG-3 shares 70%, 67%, 76%, and 73% aa sequence identity with mouse, rat, porcine, and bovine LAG-3, respectively. LAG-3 is expressed on B cells, NK cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and a subset of T cells. LAG-3 was relatively overexpressed on transgenic T cells rendered anergic in vivo by encounter with cognate self-antigen. LAG-3 negatively regulates murine T cell activation and homeostasis. LAG-3 activates antigen-presenting cells through MHC class II signaling, leading to increased antigen-specific T-cell responses in vivo. Blocking or knocking out LAG-3 in neuronal cultures or in animals mitigated the transmission of α-synuclein between neurons, and dampened accumulation as well as toxic effects of the fibrils on motor function. Anti-LAG3 antibodies are already being tested as cancer treatments, it could also make a useful therapeutic target to treat Parkinson’s and other synucleinopathies.

Leptin is a cytokine belonging to the Interleukin 6 family, and has a four-helix bundle structure. Leptin is encoded by the ob gene, and produced and secreted by white adipose tissue. The receptors of Leptin are Type I cytokine receptors, which exist in two different forms: a short form expressed in multiple tissues, and a long form expressed exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS). Upon binding to Leptin, the receptors activate the JAK/STAT3 pathway and PI3K, and stimulate transcriptional programs that regulate feeding behavior, metabolic rate, endocrine axes, and glucose fluxes. The deficiency of Leptin in human and mouse causes morbid obesity, diabetes, and neuroendocrine anomalies. Leptin also has effects on reproduction and immunity. In summary, Leptin is a pivotal cytokine controlling energy balance, and as such has profound effects on human health.

Leptin is a cytokine belonging to the Interleukin 6 family, and has a four-helix bundle structure. Leptin is encoded by the ob gene, and produced and secreted by white adipose tissue. The receptors of Leptin are Type I cytokine receptors, which exist in two different forms: a short form expressed in multiple tissues, and a long form expressed exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS). Upon binding to Leptin, the receptors activate the JAK/STAT3 pathway and PI3K, and stimulate transcriptional programs that regulate feeding behavior, metabolic rate, endocrine axes, and glucose fluxes. The deficiency of Leptin in human and mouse causes morbid obesity, diabetes, and neuroendocrine anomalies. Leptin also has effects on reproduction and immunity. In summary, Leptin is a pivotal cytokine controlling energy balance, and as such has profound effects on human health.

Molecular Formula : C9 H10 D3 N . H Cl